John F. Kennedy, Radical Supply-Sider?

In an August 2, 2010 Op-Ed "Soak the Rich Catch-22" published in the Wall Street Jounal, Arthur Laffer argues that a tax increase on the wealthy will reduce the tax revenue received from such individuals and, other things being equal, increase the federal budget deficit. The Op-ed follows a May WSJ column by Laffer on tax policy in various states, entitled "Soak the Rich, Lose the Rich." Laffer argues that the wealthy, which he defines as individuals in the top 1 percent of the income distribution, can more readily take those steps necessary to alter their activities and income so as to avoid the incidence of income taxes.

As Laffer puts it:

"The highest tax bracket income earners, when compared with people in lower tax brackets, are far more capable of changing their taxable income by hiring lawyers, accountants, deferred income specialists and the like. They can change the location, timing, composition and volume of income to avoid taxation."

Laffer also warns that those who call for higher taxes at this moment in history are repeating the mistakes of Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt, each of whom signed large income taxes into law in the early 1930s, increases that Laffer claims first precipitated and then deepened and legthened the Great Depression.

To support his claim that raising taxes on the rich will result in lower revenues, Laffer points to data showing that, after REDUCTIONS in tax rates on the rich, tax receipts from the rich rose. For instance, between 1978 and 2007 (the last year from which Laffer has data), taxes paid by the rich rose from 1.7 percent of GDP to 3.3 percent of GDP. (It should be noted that GDP rose significantly during this period. Thus, the size of the pie increased, and so did the portion of the pie that the "rich" paid in taxes.) During the same period, Laffer notes, the share of taxes paid by those individuals in th lower 95 percent of the income distribution fell, from 5.4 percent of GDP to 3.2 percent of GDP.

It should be noted that there may be alternative explanations for these data. For instance, it may be that, from 1978 until 2007, the wealthiest's pre-tax share of overall GDP rose, thus explaining the increase in tax receipts from the wealthy as a share of GDP. Note, however, that this increase in pre-tax share of GDP would reflect in increase in the productivity of the wealthy relative to other earners, an increase that Laffer might explain by the reduction in tax rates that led the wealthy to work, save and invest more than they had under prior tax rates. Others may attribute this increase in productivity to other factors or claim that productivity had nothing to do with the wealthy claiming a larger share of GDP.

Here, though, is what really caught this blogger's eye.

Laffer begins his editorial with a quote from the January, 1963 Economic Report of the President, published by John F. Kennedy.

"Tax reduction thus sets off a process that can bring gains for everyone, gains won by marshalling resources that would otherwise stand idle --- workers without jobs and farm and factory capacity without markets. Yet many taxpayers seemed prepared to deny the nation the fruits of tax reduction because they question the financial soundness of reducing taxes when the federal budget is already in deficit. Let me make clear why, in today's economy, fiscal prudence and responsibility call for tax reduction even if it temporarily enlarged the federal deficit --- why reducing taxes is the best way open to us to increase revenues." Like the Arthur Laffers of today, President Kennedy argued that, over the longer run, cutting taxes will actually result in increased government revenues.

Now of course, President Kennedy likely did not pen the words that appeared in his economic report. That task probably fell to Walter Heller, also pictured above, who chaired President Kennedy's Council of Economic Advisors at the time. Heller was a highly respected macroeconomist from the University of Minnesota, hardly a hotbed of laissez faire. Note, however, that Heller was echoing what President Kennedy himself had said just a month earlier, in his famous speech to the Economic Club of New York. There the President made the case for an "across the board, top to bottom" reduction in income tax rates as well as corporate tax rates, as a means of stimulating the economy. At the time, the unemployment rate was 5.5 percent.

In so doing, President Kennedy sounded a lot like Professor Laffer.

"In short it is a paradoxical truth that tax rates are too high today and tax revenues are too low, and the soundest way to raise the revenues in the long run is to cut the rates now. The experience of a number of European countries and Japan have borne this out. This country's own experience with tax reduction in 1954 has borne this out. And the reason is that only full employment can balance the budget, and tax reduction can pave the way to that employment. The purpose of cutting taxes now is not to incur a budget deficit, but to achieve the more prosperous, expanding economy which can bring about a budget surplus."

It should be noted that there are a couple of possible distinctions between Professor Laffer's position, on the one hand, and that taken by President Kennedy, on the other. That is, Laffer emphasizes the ability of individuals to shift income from one place to another --- both spatially and temporally --- an ability that prevents tax increases from raising revenue. President Kennedy's emphasis was more Keynesian, that is, he claimed that tax cuts would enhance private consumption and investment, thereby enhancing aggregate demand and increasing real output, given that the economy was operating below full employment. Of course, the conventional Keynesian story includes an INCREASE in the full employment budget deficit, an increase that stimulates consumption and investment. Kennedy does not fully explain n how, given his Keynesian logic, deficits will, as he claims, turn into surpluses, except to say that such tax cuts will lead to increased prosperity and thus to a balanced budget. However, he does claim that wealthy Americans who receive a tax break will "hereby be encouraged to undetake additional efforts and enabled to invest more capital." This is pure supply-side reasoning, as such "additional efforts" and investing of "more capital" manifest themselves as shifts in the aggregate supply curve that thereby increase real output (and reduce prices). In so doing, he seems to distance himself from the traditional Keynesian approach, which assumes away such supply-side effects to focus only on the demand side. Perhaps he also had in mind the possibility that relaxed monetary policy would provide a separate source of stimulus and thereby boost GDP sufficiently to lead to a balanced budget.

One final note. True Keynesians believe that, when it comes to stimulating the economy, increased spending will, if anything, be more potent than tax cuts. After all, individuals who receive a tax cut, particularly those who are well off, may choose to save the additional income the government allows them to retain instead of spending it. The Keynesian model assumes that such savings will be completely unproductive, even if the additional savings drive down interest rates, because the economic downturn will reduce the return from private investments. (Moreover, consumers may spend the proceeds of a tax cut on imports, thus stimulating the economies of other countries.) Outright spending, by contrast, will stimulate the economy "by definition," as the government purchases goods or services directly from its citizens. Nonetheless, Keenedy's speech to the New York Economic Club rejected additional spending as a remedy for recession, arguing that "such a course would soon demoralize both our government and the economy." "If the government is to retain the confidence of the people," he continued "it must not spend more than can be justified on grounds of national need or spent with maximum efficiency." In short, President Kennedy rejected a big government spending approach to stimulating the economy.

In sum, while President Kennedy may not have been a pure, "true believing" supply sider, he did incorporate certain aspects of supply side thinking in his macroeconomic policy, as part of an overall synthesis of Keynesian and supply-side principles.

Missourians Reject an Individual Health Insurance Mandate Despite Corporate Speech!

Yesterday Missouri's citizens voted to reject the National Government's effort to require the state's citizens to purchase health insurance against their will. So-called Proposition C amends Missouri law to protect each citizen's right to pay health care providers directly for services rendered as well as the right to decline to purchase health insurance. Presumably Missouri voters had in mind their state model, inscribed on the state seal pictured above, i.e., "salus populi suprema lex esto" ("Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.") The measure passed with 71 percent of the vote.

Of course, valid federal law preempts state law, including Proposition C, under the Federal Constitution's Supremacy Clause. But many argue that a coercive federal requirement to purchase health insurance exceeds the scope of Congress's limited and enumerated powers and is thus invalid. (For a summary of this argument, see the following Op-Ed in the Wall Street Journal by Randy Barnett, of Georgetown Law School.) Presumably many Missourians who voted for Proposition C did so because they believe Congress exceeded the powers the Constitution confers upon it, though some may simply agree with former Vermont Governor Howard Dean that the individual mandate is poor public policy.

Ordinarily, the "proper party" for challenging such a mandate would be an individual citizen facing a fine for not complying with the new law. (Note in this connection that the individual mandate does not even take effect until 2014.) That is to say, ordinarily a state cannot itself challenge a federal law, even one that burdens its citizens, simply because the law exceeds the scope of Congress's power. See Frothingham v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447 (1923). However, by enshrining the right not to purchase health insurance in state law, Missouri, like several other states, has ensured that any effort to enforce the individual mandate will also preempt Missouri law. The prospect of such preemption thereby increases the chance that Missouri would itself have standing to challenge the individual mandate as a sovereign entity. Indeed, earlier this week, Judge Hudson of the Eastern District of Virginia ruled that Virginia has standing to challenge such an individual mandate, relying in part upon Virginia's Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which, like Proposition C, protects Virginia's from an individual mandate.

It should be noted that the Missouri Hospital Association, exercising their first amendment rights, apparently spent over $400,000 speaking in opposition to Proposition C, according to one organization that tracks these sorts of things. This is not surprising, for two different reasons. First, some citizens who choose not to purchase insurance may nonetheless require medical attention that hospitals receiving federal subsidies must provide under federal law. If the citizen cannot pay for that care, then hospitals will be left holding the bag. An individual mandate would thereby reduce the anticipated costs that hospitals must incur. Second, the premiums mandated by federal law, particularly those imposed on the young, may significantly exceed the prices justified by the expected cost of providing health care for those required to purchase insurance. If so, then the individual mandate will, other things being equal, increase overall spending on health care and thereby increase the profits earned by hospitals.

Strangely, progressive opponents of corporate political speech have not condemned the Missouri Hospital Associations efforts to drown out the speech of individual Missourians who oppose the national mandate, some of whom relied upon billboards strapped to pickup trucks to convey their support for Proposition C.